城市公共交通存在问题与对策 公共交通对城市发展的影响

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城市公共交通存在的问题及对策

一，城市公共交通存在的主要问题

随着城市经济的发展,城市人口也随之增加,进而出行人口数量也急剧上升。“乘车难”及交

通设施的不足,严重影响了经济的发展,造成这些

问题的最根本原因是城市公共交通体系的不完善。

尽管实施了一系列政策措施,但仍存在一些问题。

这些问题的存在削弱了公交的优势,制约了公交

的发展。具体表现在:

1，城市公共交通的分担率低。目前,在一些

大城市中尽管实施了一系列公交优化的政策,而

公交的运输量也处于上升趋势,但是公共交通的

出行比例仍然很低。一些城市公交不但没有成为

城市客运交通主体,而且公交的比例还呈下降的

趋势。

2，公交服务水平低。主要表现为:速度慢,

乘车换乘不方便,路线不合理,密度低,甚至有些

地方存在公交盲区。改革开放以来,我国大城市

道路面积有了大幅度提高,但仍远远落后于交通

量的增长速度。

3，公交服务水平差。公共交通低水准的服

务质量常成为乘客投诉与媒体曝光的对象,直接

影响其承担的客运比例。公共交通低水准的服务

质量常常表现为乘坐公交车耗时太长、舒适性差、安全事故多、公交乘务人员服务质量差。

4，公交基础设施缺乏统一规划。城市公共

交通线网构成主要以公交枢纽站为依托,实现点

与点的连接。由于长期以来,我国城市公共交通

基础设施薄弱,缺乏统一规划,特别是在旧城市改

造和新区开发时没有把公交设施配套纳入统一规

划,给交通营运、管理和居民出行带来不便。

5，公共交通网络规划不合理。“发展公共

交通”与“保持主要道路通畅”是城市交通工作

者的两大目标。但是近年来,随着我国城市公共

交通的发展,公共车辆的投放量日益加大,乘车难

的矛盾有所缓解,行车难的矛盾却日益突出。特

别是大巴列车化、中小巴频繁靠停,形成动态瓶

颈,严重影响了主要道路的交通秩序。

二，解决城市公共交通问题的途径

城市公共交通对居民的生活有着很大影响,公共交通必须以方便居民出行为目的,并兼顾公交企业

效益。因此,针对目前城市公共交通出现的主要问题,采

取以下措施:

1，公共交通线路的优化

城市公共交通最终的服务对象是城市出行居民,即公交乘客。要想建立合理的公交线路,很重要的一点就是对公交乘客的心理、出行行为进行调查研究,以进一步确定公交最优线路模型的优化目标和约束条件。参考国内外的大量数据,并结合我国城市的特点,在对城市公共交通线网进行优化时,必须考虑以下一些因素:(1)为更多乘客提供服务;(2)使全体乘客总出行时间最短,减少换乘次数;(3)使路线的效率最大; (4)保证良好的可达性,尤其是要减少公交乘客的步行距离;(5)扩展公交服务范围,减少公交盲区。

2，采用先进的公交智能调度技术

随着城市居民出行量的增加,城市公共交通越来越不能满足出行需求。要想使公共交通能够发挥最大的优势,从根本上解决交通出行问题,单单依靠公交线路的优化和增加道路设施远远不够,为此必须同时引进先进的城市公交管理技术,如可以引入先进的城市智能公共交通管理方法。该系统的研究应该注意以下问题:建立适合我国公交企业的调度优化系统。这方面主要研究的是适合我国公交企业的调度优化系统模式、各种新技术,例如车辆自动定位技术等与调

度优化系统相结合的可能性、以及基于公交线路流

量的线路配车数技术模型。目前,我国公交企业的总

体技术手段落后,新的公交运营调度技术,例如车辆

自动定位技术、乘客自动技术等,基本上没有应用。

3，发展大运量快速公共交通体系

大运量快速交通工具速度快、运量大、耗能低、污

染少,并且可靠、准时、舒适、安全,但它需要专用

道路,处于封闭状态,目前我国城市无论从资金上还

是技术上,都不可能在短期内建成完善的快速交通体系,因此建立我国城市大运量快速公共交通可考虑按

如下三个阶段依次实施,即:设立公共汽车专用道;发

展公共汽车列车;开辟轨道交通。

4，建立智能公共交通系统,开展响应需求服务

智能公共交通系统是城市的一个重要组成部分,在保

持与外部有关部门(如交管)协调衔接的基础上,着眼

于改善公交乘客的信息服务;改善公交公司营运调度

与企业管理;改善公共交通服务的安全性与可靠性,

提高其营运效率,降低其营运成本;建立电子付费系统。响应需求是一种新型的公交运营模式,其特点是:无固定运行时刻表、路线及汽车停靠站,乘客享受门到

门的运输服务,是一种机动灵活而且效率较高的公交

运营模式。

5，财政补偿

对于公共交通企业政策性亏损应予以财政补偿,具体

措施如下:(1)制定《公共交通法》,依法为公共交通

发展提供专向资金;(2)建立专门的公共交通专向资

金发放与监管机构及公交企业政策性补偿额的评估

体系,对政策性补偿额进行核算、发放、审计与监管,确保公共交通专向资金发挥应有的作用。

Urban public transport problems and countermeasures

First, the urban public transport the main

problems

With the city"s economic development,

urban population also increases, and then travel the population also increased sharply. "Ride hard" and lack of transport

facilities, a serious impact on economic development, resulting in the most fundamental reason for these problems of urban public transport system is imperfect. Despite the implementation of a

series of policy measures, but there are

still some problems. These problems

undermine the advantages of public transportation, limiting the development of public transportation. In particular in: 1, low share of urban public transport. At present, although in some

major cities in the optimization of the

implementation of a series of public transportation policy, and bus transportation volume on the rise, but the proportion of public transport to travel is still very low. Some city buses not only

failed to become the subject of urban passenger transport, and the proportion of public transport also showed a downward

trend.

2, the low level of bus service. Mainly as follows: slow, inconvenient to transfer car, the road is unreasonable, low density, even blind spots in some places there is public transportation. Since reform and opening, China"s largest city road space has

been greatly improved, but still far behind

traffic growth.

3, poor bus service. Low level of public transport service quality of passenger complaints and often become the object of media exposure, direct impact on their commitment to passenger ratio. Low level of public transport service quality often

engendered by bus takes too long, poor comfort, safety accidents, bus attendants

and poor service.

4, bus infrastructure, lack of unified planning. Constitute a major urban public transit network to rely on public transportation hub, to achieve point to point connection. As a long time, China"s urban public transport infrastructure is weak, the lack of unified planning, especially in the old urban renewal and developing new facilities without the bus into the unified plan, to the transport operators, management, and residents travel

inconvenience.

5, the public transport network planning unreasonable. "Development of public transport" and "keep the main roads clear"

is the twin goals of urban transport

workers.But in recent years, as China"s urban public transport development, increasing the amount of public vehicles to increase delivery, eased travel difficult contradictions, the contradiction is driving hard to become increasingly prominent. Particular train of buses, the minibus stops by frequently to form a dynamic bottleneck, seriously affected the major road traffic order.

Second, solve the problem of urban public

transport means

Urban public transport on the lives of the residents have a great impact on the residents of public transport must be to facilitate the purpose of the act, taking

into account effectiveness of public

transport enterprises. Therefore, urban

public transport for the current major problems arise, take the following

measures:

1, the optimization of public transport

routes

Urban public transport ultimately serve the residents of urban travel, the bus passengers.To establish a reasonable bus lines, it is important that passengers on the bus psychology, travel behavior research, to further determine the optimal bus route model optimization objectives and constraints. Refer to large amounts of data at home and abroad, combined with the

characteristics of the city, in the optimization of urban public transit network, it must consider the following factors: (1) to provide services to more passengers; (2) the total travel time of the passengers minimum, reduce transfer times;

(3) the maximum efficiency of the route; (4) to ensure good accessibility, particularly to reduce the walking distance of bus passengers; (5) expansion of bus services and reduce the bus blind spot.

2, the use of advanced intelligent

scheduling technology bus

With the increase in the amount of urban travel, urban public transport can not meet travel demand. To make public transport to maximize the advantages of travel from the fundamental solution to traffic problems, to rely solely on the optimization of bus lines and increased road infrastructure is not

enough, this must be the introduction of advanced urban traffic management techniques, such as to introduce advanced City

Intelligent Public Transportation management. Study of the system should pay attention to the following issues: the establishment of appropriate scheduling of public transport enterprises optimize

systems. Major research in this area is suitable for optimizing the scheduling of public transport enterprise system model, a variety of new technologies such as Automatic Vehicle Location System technology, combined with Scheduling possibilities, as well as bus routes traffic based on the line with the number of technical model cars. At present, public transport enterprises lag behind the general technical means, the new bus operator scheduling techniques, such as automatic vehicle location technology,

passenger auto technology, virtually no

application.

3, the development of Mass Rapid Public

Transport System

Mass Rapid transport speed, large volume, low energy consumption, less pollution, and reliable, punctual, comfortable, safe, but it requires dedicated road, in a closed state, the current city in terms of financial or technical, can not improve in

the short term rapid transit system built in, so in Urban Mass Rapid public transport may be considered followed by the implementation of the following three stages, namely: the establishment of bus lanes; the development of a bus train; open up rail transport.

4, the establishment of intelligent

public transport system to carry out

response to demand services Intelligent public transport system is an important part of the city, while maintaining and external departments (such as traffic control) on the basis of

coordination of convergence, focus on improving bus passenger information services; improve the operation of bus scheduling and business management company; to improve

public transport services The safety and reliability, improve operational efficiency, reduce operating costs; to establish an

electronic payment system. Response to

demand is a new mode of public transport

operations, and its features are: no fixed running schedule, route and vehicle stops, passengers enjoy door to door transport service, is a flexible and efficient mode of public transport operations.

5, financial compensation

Policy for public transport companies should be financial compensation for loss, specific measures are as follows: (1) to develop "Public Transport Act," according to the law specifically for the development of public transport to the funds; (2) the establishment of a dedicated public transport and regulatory professionals to release the funds institutions and public transport enterprises compensation policy evaluation system, the policy of compensation for accounting, distribution, auditing and supervision, to ensure that public transport designed to play its due

role to money.

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