冕宁县白泥巴沟泥石流特征及治理对策
文章编号:16721683(2015)05096805
Features and measures of Bainiba gully debris flow in Mianning County
GUO Ning
(School of Engineering and Technology,Xichang College,Xichang 615013,China)
Abstract:Bainiba gully is located in the middle section of the fault zone in the Anning River,where debris flow is well developed due to the influence of vertical lifting and depressing with difference in fault blocks.Based on the quantitative calculation of the areaaltitude analysis method,the geomorphic development is in the adult stage and beneficial to the formation of debris flow,and the hazard potential grade of debris flow is medium.The debris flow source consists of four parts,including eboulement accumulation,landslide accumulation,gully deposit,and slope erosion material.The total quantity of loose solid material is 2139×104 m3,and the possible dynamic reserve contributing to the debris flow is 4.88×104 m3.Through site investigation and analysis,the instability of dynamic environment in the basin is the main factor to cause debris flow,and the occurrence probability of small and mediumsized viscous debris flow is more than 85%.The proposed measures for debris flow prevention are mainly multilevel obstruction.
Key words:Bainiba gully;debris flow;erosion features;source features;occurrence probability
冕宁县泸沽镇大春村白泥巴沟流域曾在2006年暴发过泥石流,2009年暴发过洪水。但近年来,沟内崩塌、滑坡等地质现象大量出现,地表松散破碎,坡面侵蚀加剧,松散固体物源量大增,泥石流爆发频率可能达到中频甚至高频状态。白泥巴沟一旦暴发泥石流,将潜在威胁到沟口大春村二社和一个矿区,涉及80户约500人的生命财产安全,另有县道桥梁一座,成昆铁路桥梁一座,潜在经济损失达1 000万元以上,泥石流潜在危险性等级达中型[1]。
1 泥石流形成条件
1.1 地层岩性及构造
区内基岩为震旦系开建桥组(Zak)流纹岩、凝灰岩等,厚度200~485 m。在沟道两侧陡坡地带及沟床内广泛分布,其强风化层厚1~5 m不等。
地表第四系(Q4)地层为崩塌滑坡堆积、坡洪积层及泥石流堆积的松散层,由块(漂)石土、块碎石土、块碎石土夹角砾土、含角砾粉土等组成,厚度数十米,广泛分布于中上游两侧缓坡、沟道及沟口洪积扇部位等部位。
区内以具强烈挤压走滑特征的南北向安宁河断裂为控制构造,北东向、北西向和近东西向三组次级断层,晚近期断块差异升降活动为主要特征的复杂地质构造[23],导致安宁河两岸泥石流沟发育并成为著名的泥石流活动带[4]。
1.2 地形地貌特征
地形地貌对泥石流的形成和发展具有控制作用,一方面通过沟床比降影响泥石流的动力特性;另一方面沟道两侧坡度的陡缓对泥石流的规模及固体物源的补给方式和数量产生直接影响[56]。
白泥巴沟沟域纵向长度约335 km,平均宽度550 m,沟域面积178 km2,地表水系呈树枝状分布。流域内最高处高程2 070 m,最低处高程1 668 m,高差达402 m。
根据松散固体物源的分布、泥石流形成条件及运动机制,白泥巴沟泥石流沟域可划分为特征不同的四个区,见表1。
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