湘鄂西地区上震旦统陡山沱组页岩微观孔隙特征及主控因素
摘要:随着中国页岩气研究的不断深入,页岩储层微观孔隙特征的研究越来越受到众多学者重视。为了深入了解湘鄂西地区上震旦统陡山沱组页岩孔隙特征,综合利用扫描电镜、氩离子抛光场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附/脱附试验以及核磁共振试验等对页岩孔隙特征进行定性观察和定量表征,并结合有机地球化学分析数据以及岩石矿物全岩定量分析结果,探讨页岩孔隙发育的主控因素。结果表明:湘鄂西地区上震旦统陡山沱组页岩发育6种孔隙类型,主要有粒内孔、粒间孔、黏土矿物层间孔、有机质孔隙,还可见部分黄铁矿晶间孔以及微裂缝;页岩孔径大小主要分布在2~5 nm之间,以中孔隙为主,还发育少量微孔隙和大孔隙,峰值在2~5 nm之间的孔隙是页岩孔隙体积的主要贡献者;页岩孔隙结构类型以板状孔等狭缝形孔为主,还发育部分圆筒形孔、锥形管孔等;总有机碳主要控制页岩微孔隙、中孔隙的发育,黏土矿物含量主要影响页岩中孔隙的发育,而脆性矿物含量控制页岩大孔隙的发育。
关键词:页岩;孔隙特征;控制因素;氮气吸附/脱附;核磁共振;上震旦统;陡山沱组
中图分类号:P618.13;TE122文献标志码:A
Abstract: With the deeply research on shale gas in China, the study on the characteristics of microscopic pores of shale reservoir is focused on. In order to further understand the characteristics of shale pores from Upper Sinian Doushantuo Formation in the western of Hunan and Hubei, China, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), argon ion polishingfield emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests were used to make qualitative observation and quantitative characterization of shale porosity under different scales; combined with the whole rock quantitative analysis data of organic geochemistry and rock minerals, the main controlling factors on shale porosity were discussed. The results show that there are 6 types of pores from Doushantuo Formation in the western of Hunan and Hubei, including intergranular, intragranular, pyrite intercrystalline, interlayer, organic pores and micro cracks; the pore diameters of shales are 25 nm, and the middle pore mainly develops, a small amount of micro and macro pores develop; the pores with the peak diameters of 25 nm are the main contributor to shale pore volume; the types of shale pore structure are mainly narrow plate pore, and partly cylinder pore, conical pore, etc.; total organic carbon is the main contributor to the development of micro and middle pores, and the content of clay mineral mainly affects the development of middle pore, and the content of brittleness mineral mainly controls the development of macro pore.
Key words: shale; pore characteristic; controlling factor; nitrogen adsorption/desorption; nuclear magnetic resonance; Upper Sinian; Doushantuo Formation
0引言
近年来,随着中国页岩气研究的不断深入,南方页岩气勘探已经取得了突破性进展,针对页岩储层微观孔隙特征的研究越来越受到众多学者的重视[17]。页岩气主要以吸附态和游离态赋存于页岩孔隙中[14],因而页岩孔隙特征的研究显得尤为重要。页岩孔隙特征的研究主要包括页岩孔隙类型及形态特征、孔径分布、孔隙体积、比表面积、空间结构特征以及孔隙连通性等[5]。
目前,南方海相页岩气主要研究层位集中在中上扬子地区下寒武统、上奥陶统—下志留统以及上二叠统,而对上震旦统陡山沱组页岩的研究极少[89]。因此,需要针对上震旦统陡山沱组泥页岩储层微观孔隙特征展开深入研究。目前,国内外学者主要采用偏光显微镜、高分辨率扫描电镜、CT扫描等图像分析技术对页岩孔隙类型、形态特征及成因等进行观察描述,或通过低温液氮吸附试验、CO2吸附试验、高压压汞等流体注入法定量表征页岩孔径分布及结构特征[67]。由于单一方法表征页岩孔隙特征都存在一定局限性,所以本文综合利用扫描电镜及氩离子抛光场发射扫描电镜技术对湘鄂西地区上震旦统陡山沱组页岩样品不同孔隙尺度下孔隙形态特征进行定性观察,并通过氮气吸附/脱附試验定量分析泥页岩的孔径分布以及孔隙空间结构特征等,同时选用无损检测法(核磁共振试验)深入分析页岩孔隙的连通性以及结构特征等,并结合全岩定量分析数据以及有机地球化学分析资料,通过相关性分析讨论页岩孔隙的主控因素,以期能为湘鄂西地区上震旦统陡山沱组页岩气的勘探与评价提供科学依据。