数字七杰

世上的数字千千万万,而其中有一些,堪称数字界的明星。看看你是否全都认识?

Numbers effect most aspectas of our lives. This is a list of 7 notable numbers.

数字影响着我们生活的方方面面。下面列出了七个最著名的数字。

--273.15

This is the temperature (in centigrade) known as absolute zero (0 Kelvin1)) which describes a theoretical system that neither emits2) nor absorbs energy. It is the point at which particles have the minimum energy, determined by quantum3) mechanical effects, which is called the zero-point energy. Absolute zero is also precisely equivalent to 0°R on the Rankine scale4) (also a thermodynamic5) temperature scale), and –459.67°F on the Fahrenheit scale6). It is not possible to cool any substance to 0°K, but scientists have made great advancement in achieving a temperature close to absolute zero, where matter exhibits odd quantum effects such as superconductivity7) and superfluidity8).

31337

If you don"t know what this one means, the number does not apply to you. Leet9), also known as eleet or leetspeak, is an alternative alphabet for the English language that is used primarily on the Internet. The term leet is derived from the word elite. It uses various combinations of ASCII10) characters to replace Latinate11) letters. For example, leet spellings of the word leet include 1337 and 133t; eleet may be spelled 31337 or 3133t.

3888

This is the largest number representable with standard Roman numeral notation12) (using Roman numerals I, V, X, L, C, D and M). It appears: MMMDCCCLXXXVIII.

666

666 is most famous as the number of beasts in the biblical13) book of The Apocalypse14). It is the former number of Route 491. With the 666 designation15), this road was nicknamed Devil"s Highway because of this satanic16) connotation, combined with a high fatality rate along the New Mexico portion. 666 is also a brand of cough syrup17), and forms part of the name of 666 Desdemona18), a minor planet in the asteroid belt19). A person with a fear of this number has hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia.

Graham"s Number

Graham"s number is the largest number that has been used in a serious mathematical proof. It is too large to be written in scientific notation and is much larger than a googol20), and is even larger than the Moser"s number—another very large number. Using Knuth21)"s up-arrow notation, Graham"s Number (G) can be depicted as in the image.

e

The number e, sometimes called Euler"s number or Napier"s constant22), is one of the most important numbers in mathematics. Bernoulli23) discovered this number when studying a problem of compound interest24). Simply put25), an account that starts at $1, and yields (1+R) dollars at simple interest, will yield eR dollars compounded continuously 1 year later. The number e itself also has application to the probability theory, where it arises in a way not obviously related to exponential growth26). Suppose that a gambler plays a slot machine27) with a one in n probability and plays it n times. Then, for a large n (such as a million) the probability that the gambler will win nothing at all is approximately 1/e. e looks like this to 20 decimal places28): 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 ...

1.6180339887

This is the golden ratio. In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio between the sum of those quantities and the larger one is the same as the ratio between the larger one and the smaller one. The golden ratio is approximately 1.6180339887. At least since the Renaissance29), many artists and architects have proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratio—especially in the form of the golden rectangle30), in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter side is the golden ratio—believing this proportion to be aesthetically31) pleasing. Mathematicians have studied the golden ratio because of its unique and interesting properties.

第七名:--273.15

这个(摄氏)温度就是人们所说的绝对零度(开氏零度),它描述了一种理论上来说既不释放也不吸收能量的状态。由于量子力学效应,在这个临界点粒子的能量最小,人们称之为零点能量。绝对零度也正好等同于绝对华氏温标(这也是个热力学温标)的零度,换算成华氏温度就是–459.67华氏度。要把物质冷却到开氏零度是不可能的,但科学家们正努力达到一个接近绝对零度的温度,并已取得了巨大进展,在这个状态下物质表现出一些奇特的量子效应,比如超导电性和超流动性。

第六名:31337

如果你不知道这个数字是什么意思,这个数字肯定不适用于你。Leet (黑客文),或作eleet、leetspeak,是一套替代英文字母的字母系统,主要用于网络。Leet这个词衍生自单词elite (精英)。它用美国信息交换标准码的各种组合来替代拉丁字母。例如,黑客文中的leet一词拼写为1337或133t,而eleet可以拼成31337或3133t。

第五名:3888

这是用标准罗马数字符号(用罗马数字I、V、 X、L、C、D和M表示)所能表示的最大数值。表示出来为:MMMDCCCLXXXVIII。

第四名:666

关于数字666最出名的是:《圣经·启示录》中野兽的数量是666只。666是491号公路以前的编号。在它还是666号公路的时候有个外号叫“恶魔高速”,因为666的含义与恶魔有关,而且在这条路的新墨西哥州段死亡事故高发。666还是一个止咳糖浆的牌子,并且是小行星带中的一颗小行星——“天卫十666”名字的一部分。害怕这个数字的人患有“666恐惧症”。

第三名:格雷厄姆系数

格雷厄姆系数是一个在严谨的数学证明中所用到的最大数值。因为它太大了而无法用科学计数法来表示。它比10的100次方要大得多,甚至比莫泽系数(另一个非常大的数)还要大。用高德纳箭号表示法可以表示出格雷厄姆系数(G),如图所示。

第二名:e

数字e有时也被称为欧拉系数或者纳皮尔常数,它是数学运算中最重要的数字之一。伯努利在研究一个关于复利的问题时发现了这个数字。简单来说,若一个账户本金为1美元,且以单利计算所得到的本金和利息之和为1 + R美元(译者注:即利息率为R),那么以连续复利计算1年后就会得到eR美元。数字e本身在概率论中也有应用,它以一种隐性的方式与指数增长相关联。假如一个赌徒玩老虎机赢的概率是n分之一,他玩了n次,那么对一个很大的n (例如100万)来说,这个赌徒一无所获的概率约为e分之一。保留到小数点后20位,e为:2.7182818284 5904523536……

第一名:1.6180339887

这个数字是黄金比例。在数学和艺术中,如果两个数的总和与其中较大数的比等于两数中的较大数与较小数之比,那么这两个数的比例为黄金比例。黄金比例近似于1.6180339887。至少自文艺复兴时期以来,许多艺术家和建筑师设计的作品都接近黄金比例——尤其是以黄金矩形的形式。黄金矩形的长边与宽边之比为黄金比例——他们认为这个比例具有美感,令人赏心悦目。而数学家研究黄金比例是因为它具有独特而有趣的性质。

1. kelvin [5kelvIn] n. 【物】开(开尔文温标的计量单位),开氏温标

2. emit [I5mIt] vt. 发出,射出,散发(光、热、电波、声音、液体、气味等)

3. quantum [5kwCntEm] n. 【物】量子

4. Rankine scale: 绝对华氏温标

5. thermodynamic [7W\:mEudaI5nAmIk] adj. 【物】热力学的,热力的

6. Fahrenheit scale: 华氏温标

7. superconductivity [5su:pE7kRndQk5tIvEtI] n. 【物】超导(电)性

8. superfluidity [7sju:pEflu5IdEtI] n. 【物】超流动性

9. leet [li:t] n. 黑客文

10.ASCII: abbr. American Standard Code for Information Interchange,美国信息互换标准代码

11. Latinate [5lAtIneIt] adj. 拉丁语的;从拉丁语派生(或演化)的

12. notation [nEu5teIFEn] n. (尤指在数学、音乐中所用的)系统成套的标志(或记号)

13. biblical [5bIblIkEl] adj. 《圣经》的;《圣经》中的;有关《圣经》的

14. The Apocalypse [E5pCkElIps] n. 《启示录》(基督教《圣经·新约》的末卷)

15. designation [7dezI^5neIFEn] n. 名称;标示

16. satanic [sE5tAnIk] adj. 撒旦似的;恶魔的

17. cough syrup: 止咳糖浆

18. Desdemona: 天卫十(环绕天王星运行的一颗卫星)

19. asteroid belt: 【天】小行星带

20. googol [5^u:^Cl] n. 【数】大数,古戈尔(为10100的名称)

21. Knuth: Donald. E. Knuth (唐纳德·E·克努特,中文名为高德纳),算法和程序设计技术的先驱者,计算机排版系统TEX和METAFONT的发明者。

22. constant [5kCnstEnt] n. 【数】【物】常数,常量,恒量

23. Bernoulli: Daniel Bernoulli (丹尼尔·伯努利),瑞士物理学家和数学家

24. compound interest: 复利

25. simply put: 或者put simply,简单地说

26. exponential growth: 指数增长

27. slot machine: 自动赌博机(尤指一种俗称“吃角子老虎”的赌具)

28. decimal place: 小数位

29. the Renaissance [rI5neIsEns] n. (欧洲14〜16世纪的)文艺复兴,文艺复兴时期(文艺复兴是一场思想文化运动。)

30. golden rectangle: 黄金矩形

31. aesthetically [i:s5WetIkElI] adv. 美学地;审美地

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