玉米化肥减施增效技术应用效果研究综述
摘要 综述了玉米化肥减施增效的技术途径及应用效果的研究现状，分析了施加缓释肥料等新配方肥料、有机物料以及化学物质等物质的减肥增效作用，探讨了轮作、调整播期、喷洒化肥距离以及水肥一体化等措施的应用效果，提出了减肥增效技术的研究前景。该研究可以为玉米化肥减量技术的实际应用提供理论基础，有利于该技术综合生态评价和推广应用。
关键词 玉米;化肥减施增效技术;应用效果
中图分类号 S143;S513文献标识码 A
文章编号 0517-6611（2019）16-0009-03
doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2019.16.003
Summary of the Research on the Application Effect of Fertilizer Reducing Input and Increasing Efficiency Technology in Maize
LIU Fang ming，SUN Yun yun， GAO Yu shan et al （Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources Research， Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Changchun，Jilin 130033）
Abstract We summarized the technical approaches and application effects of maize fertilizer reducing input and increasing efficiency， analyzed the effects of applying for slow release fertilizer etc.， organic materials and chemical substances to reduce input and increase efficiency， and discussed application effects of the rotation of crops， adjustment of sowing date， changing spraying distance of chemical fertilizer and application of the water fertilizer integration. The research prospect of reducing input and increasing efficiency technology were put forward . This study could provide a theoretical basis for the practical application for maize fertilizer reduction technology， which is beneficial to the comprehensive ecological evaluation and application for the technology.
Key words Maize;Technology of reducing input and increasing efficiency;Application effects
施肥是保證玉米产量的重要技术措施之一，施肥量不足会影响玉米产量[1]。为获得作物高产，农民在玉米生产中往往过量施肥，造成肥料利用率低、土壤养分不均衡、土壤肥力退化以及环境污染问题[2]，在保证玉米高产稳产前提下，适当减少化肥用量、提高肥料利用率，已成为农业生产急需要解决的重要问题[3]。研究者对过量施肥的时空分异进行研究，提出吉林省等减量目标为156.6kg/hm2[4]。减少化肥施用量的技术方法较多，如施加缓释肥料、肥料增效剂[5-7]、有机肥、生物炭[8-9]、腐殖酸、聚谷氨酸[10]等，采用玉米大豆轮作、水肥一体化技术等[11-12]措施等也可以减少化肥用量，提高肥料利用率。